The correct answer is option 4: civil and political rights vs. economic, social and cultural rights. This major cleavage refers to the division in global human rights discourse between two different categories of rights.

Civil and political rights encompass rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to vote, and the right to a fair trial. These rights are often seen as fundamental to ensuring individual freedoms and protecting individuals from government interference.

On the other hand, economic, social, and cultural rights include rights such as the right to education, the right to health care, the right to adequate housing, and the right to work. These rights are focused on promoting social and economic well-being and ensuring equality in areas of social and economic development.

The major cleavage between civil and political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights arises from differing perspectives on the priority and scope of these rights. Some argue that civil and political rights should be prioritized as the foundation for all other rights, while others believe that economic, social, and cultural rights are essential for achieving social justice and development.

It is important to note that while this cleavage is significant in global human rights discourse, it does not imply that other cleavages, such as religious rights vs. civil rights,