The reason many zamindars did not issue pattas to the farmers under the Permanent Settlement of 1793 was:

2. There was no official check upon the zamindars.

The Permanent Settlement introduced by the British colonial government in 1793 aimed to fix the land revenue demand in perpetuity. According to this settlement, the zamindars became intermediaries between the British government and the farmers. The zamindars were responsible for collecting revenue from the farmers and paying a fixed amount to the British government.

However, there was no effective system in place to monitor or enforce the obligations of the zamindars. The British government did not have sufficient checks and balances to ensure that the zamindars fulfilled their responsibilities, including issuing pattas (land deeds) to the farmers. As a result, many zamindars neglected their duty to issue pattas, either intentionally or due to a lack of oversight.

The lack of official checks on the zamindars allowed them to exercise considerable power and autonomy in their dealings with the farmers, which often resulted in exploitation and oppression. The failure to issue pattas denied the farmers legal documentation of their land rights, making them vulnerable to disputes and dispossession.

Therefore, the absence of an official check upon the zamindars was the primary reason why many of them did not issue pattas to the farmers under the Permanent Settlement.