The correct answer is option 3: chalcolithic culture.
The Indus or Harappan culture refers to the ancient civilization that developed in the Indus River Valley (present-day Pakistan and northwest India) around 3300 BCE. This culture is characterized by its well-planned cities, advanced architecture and infrastructure, and sophisticated system of writing.
To understand why option 3 is the correct answer, let`s examine the other options:
Option 1: Neolithic culture. The Neolithic period refers to the time when humans first began to transition from a nomadic, hunter-gatherer lifestyle to a settled, agricultural lifestyle. However, the Indus or Harappan culture is not considered a Neolithic culture because it already had a complex urban civilization with advanced agricultural practices.
Option 2: Paleolithic culture. The Paleolithic period, also known as the Old Stone Age, is the earliest and longest period of human history. It was characterized by the use of simple stone tools and a nomadic hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The Indus or Harappan culture is much more advanced than the Paleolithic culture, so this option is incorrect.
Option 4: Post chalcolithic culture. The term "post chalcolithic